In general, statistics is a study of data: describing properties of the data, which is called descriptive statistics, and drawing conclusions about a population of ...PreviousSectionTableofContentsNextSection1.1BasicDefinitionsandConceptsLearningObjectiveTolearnthebasicdefinitionsusedinstatisticsandsomeofitskeyconcepts.Webeginwithasimpleexample.TherearemillionsofpassengerautomobilesintheUnitedStates.Whatistheiraveragevalue?Itisobviouslyimpracticaltoattempttosolvethisproblemdirectlybyassessingthevalueofeverysinglecarinthecountry,addingupallthosenumbers,andthendividingbyhowevermanynumbersthereare.Instead,thebestwecandowouldbetoestimatetheaverage.Onenaturalwaytodosowouldbetorandomlyselectsomeofthecars,say200ofthem,ascertainthevalueofeachofthosecars,andfindtheaverageofthose200numbers.Thesetofallthosemillionsofvehiclesiscalledthepopulationofinterest,andthenumberattachedtoeachone,itsvalue,isameasurement.Theaveragevalueisaparameter:anumberthatdescribesacharacteristicofthepopulation,inthiscasemonetaryworth.Thesetof200carsselectedfromthepopulationiscalledasample,andthe200numbers,themonetaryvaluesofthecarsweselected,arethesampledata.Theaverageofthedataiscalledastatistic:anumbercalculatedfromthesampledata.Thisexampleillustratesthemeaningofthefollowingdefinitions.DefinitionApopulationAllobjectsofinterest.isanyspecificcollectionofobjectsofinterest.AsampleTheobjectsexamined.isanysubsetorsubcollectionofthepopulation,includingthecasethatthesampleconsistsofthewholepopulation,inwhichcaseitistermedacensus.DefinitionAmeasurementAnumberorattributecomputedforeachmemberofasetofobjects.isanumberorattributecomputedforeachmemberofapopulationorofasample.ThemeasurementsofsampleelementsarecollectivelycalledthesampledataThemeasurementsfromasample..DefinitionAparameterAnumberthatsummarizessomeaspectofthepopulation.isanumberthatsummarizessomeaspectofthepopulationasawhole.AstatisticAnumbercomputedfromthesampledata.isanumbercomputedfromthesampledata.Continuingwithourexample,iftheaveragevalueofthecar

The 5 Basic Statistics Concepts Data Scientists Need to Know · Statistical Features · Probability Distributions · Dimensionality Reduction · Over and Under Sampling.GetstartedOpeninappSigninGetstartedFollow551KFollowers·Editors'PicksFeaturesDeepDivesGrowContributeAboutGetstartedOpeninappThe5BasicStatisticsConceptsDataScientistsNeedtoKnowGeorgeSeifOct22,2018·9minreadIrecentlystartedabook-focusededucationalnewsletter.BookDivesisabi-weeklynewsletterwhereforeachnewissuewediveintoanon-fictionbook.You’lllearnaboutthebook’scorelessonsandhowtoapplytheminreallife.Youcansubscribeforithere.StatisticscanbeapowerfultoolwhenperformingtheartofDataScience(DS).Fromahigh-levelview,statisticsistheuseofmathematicstoperformtechnicalanalysisofdata.Abasicvisualisationsuchasabarchartmightgiveyousomehigh-levelinformation,butwithstatisticswegettooperateonthedatainamuchmoreinformation-drivenandtargetedway.Themathinvolvedhelpsusformconcreteconclusionsaboutourdataratherthanjustguesstimating.Usingstatistics,wecangaindeeperandmorefinegrainedinsightsintohowexactlyourdataisstructuredandbasedonthatstructurehowwecanoptimallyapplyotherdatasciencetechniquestogetevenmoreinformation.Today,we’regoingtolookat5basicstatisticsconceptsthatdatascientistsneedtoknowandhowtheycanbeappliedmosteffectively!Justbeforewejumpin,checkouttheAISmartNewslettertoreadthelatestandgreatestonAI,MachineLearning,andDataScience!StatisticalFeaturesStatisticalfeaturesisprobablythemostusedstatisticsconceptindatascience.It’softenthefirststatstechniqueyouwouldapplywhenexploringadatasetandincludesthingslikebias,variance,mean,median,percentiles,andmanyothers.It’sallfairlyeasytounderstandandimplementincode!Checkoutthegraphicbelowforanillustration.AbasicboxplotThelineinthemiddleisthemedianvalueofthedata.Medianisusedoverthemeansinceitismorerobusttooutliervalues.Thefirstquartileisessentiallythe25thpercentile;i.e25%ofthepointsinthedatafallbelowthatvalue.Thethirdquartileisthe75thpercentile;i.e75%ofthepointsinthedatafallbelowthatvalue.Theminand

Basic Statistical Concepts · You make some observations about the world and then create a theory consisting of a hypothesis and possible alternative hypotheses ...SkiptocontentMenuStatisticsplaysacentralroleinresearchinthesocialsciences,puresciencesandmedicine.Asimplifiedviewofexperimentalresearchisasfollows:YoumakesomeobservationsabouttheworldandthencreateatheoryconsistingofahypothesisandpossiblealternativehypothesesthattrytoexplaintheobservationsyouhavemadeYouthentestyourtheorybyconductingexperiments.Suchexperimentsincludecollectingdata,analyzingtheresultsandcomingtosomeconclusionsabouthowwellyourtheoryholdsupYouiteratethisprocess,observingmoreabouttheworldandimprovingyourtheoryStatisticsalsoplaysacentralroleindecisionmakingforbusinessandgovernment,includingmarketing,strategicplanning,manufacturingandfinance.Statisticsisadisciplinethatisconcernedwiththecollectionandanalysisofdatabasedonaprobabilisticapproach.Theoriesaboutageneralpopulationaretestedonasmallersampleandconclusionsaremadeabouthowwellpropertiesofthesampleextendtothepopulationatlarge.Wenowbrieflydefinesomekeyterms.Thesedefinitionswillbefurtherelaboratedthroughouttherestofthewebsite.Dataanddatasets:observationsfromtheenvironment.Population:acompletesetofdatawhichwewishtostudyoranalyze.Akeyfocusofthefieldofstatisticsisthestudyofcharacteristicsofinterestaboutapopulation.Sample:asubsetofthedatafromthepopulationwhichweanalyzeinordertolearnaboutthepopulation.Amajorobjectiveinthefieldofstatisticsistomakeinferencesaboutapopulationbasedonpropertiesofthesample.Randomsample:asampleinwhicheachmemberofthepopulationhasanequalchanceofbeingincludedandinwhichtheselectionofonememberisindependentfromtheselectionofallothermembers.Randomvariable:avariablethatrepresentsvalue(s)fromarandomsample.Wewilluselettersattheendofthealphabet,especiallyx,yandz,asrandomvariables.Independentrandomvariable:avariablethatischosen,andthenmeasuredormanipulated,bytheresearcherinordertostudysomeobservedbehavior.Dependentrandomvariable:avariable

Basic Concepts and Definitions in Statistics · variable - pertains to an attribute that can assume different values · data - pertains to the value of a ...DEVCommunityisacommunityof642,334amazingdevelopersWe'reaplacewherecodersshare,stayup-to-dateandgrowtheircareers.CreatenewaccountLoginHomeSignIn/UpListingsPodcastsVideosTagsMore...CodeofConductFAQDEVShopSponsorsAboutPrivacyPolicyTermsofuseContactTwitterFacebookGithubInstagramTwitchloading...More...CopyarticlelinktotheclipboardCopiedtoClipboardSharetoTwitterSharetoLinkedInSharetoRedditSharetoHackerNewsSharetoFacebookSharePostvia...ReportAbuseThehumancivilizationhaslongbeenexposedtostatisticaldata,thelonghistoryofourcollectiveexperiencewithstatisticalinformationextendsbacktothebeginningofmankind(Walpole,1968).Turningdataintoinformationdemandastatisticalprocessthatiscrucialtodecision-making.Ourunderstandingofstatisticalmethodsrevolvesaroundourfamiliaritywiththebasicconceptsofstatistics.Thisarticlewillintroducesomebasicconceptsthatweencounterduringourelementarycoursesinstatistics.Hereisthelistoftermsweshouldbefamiliarwith:variable-pertainstoanattributethatcanassumedifferentvaluesdata-pertainstothevalueofavariablerandomdata-pertainstothevalueofvariablesdeterminedbychancedataset-pertainstoacollectionofdatadatavalue-pertainstoeachvalueinadatasetpopulation-pertainstoallentitiesthataresubjecttothestudyparameter-pertainstonumericalsummaryoranymeasurementderivedfromapopulationsample-pertainstoasubsetofthepopulationstatistic-pertainstoameasureofthesampleLet'sapplywhatwelearned.Considerthisexample:AsurveyconductedattheUniversityofArizonarevealedthatstudentsthatattendedclass80-100%ofthetimemostlyreceivedanAinclass.Meanwhile,thosewhoattended70-80%ofthetimeusuallyreceivedBorC.Tryansweringthefollowingquestions:whatarethevariablesconsideredinthesurvey?whatarethedatainthesurvey?whatisthepopulationunderthesurvey?whereisthesampledrawninthesurvey?AnswersThevariablesconsideredinthesurveyaregradesandattendance.Thedataconsistofspecificgrad

All of the graduate courses in the Master of Applied Statistics program heavily rely ... Upon completion of this review of basic statistical concepts, you should be​ ...SkiptomaincontentBreadcrumbHomereviewsstatisticalconceptsBasicStatisticalConceptsThePrerequisitesChecklistpageontheDepartmentofStatisticswebsitelistsanumberofcoursesthatrequireafoundationofbasicstatisticalconceptsasaprerequisite. AllofthegraduatecoursesintheMasterofAppliedStatisticsprogramheavilyrelyontheseconceptsandprocedures.Therefore,itisimperative—afteryoustudyandworkthroughthislesson—thatyouthoroughlyunderstandallthematerialpresentedhere.StudentsthatdonotpossessafirmunderstandingofthesebasicconceptswillstruggletoparticipatesuccessfullyinanyofthegraduatelevelcoursesaboveSTAT500.CoursessuchasSTAT501-RegressionMethodsorSTAT502-AnalysisofVarianceandDesignofExperimentsrequireandbuildfromthisfoundation.ReviewMaterialsThesereviewmaterialsareintendedtoprovideareviewofkeystatisticalconceptsandprocedures.Specifically,thelessonreviews:populationsandparametersandhowtheydifferfromsamplesandstatistics,confidenceintervalsandtheirinterpretation,hypothesistestingprocedures,includingthecriticalvalueapproachandtheP-valueapproach,chi-squareanalysis,testsofproportion,andpoweranalysis.Forinstance,withregardstohypothesistesting,someofyoumayhavelearnedonlyoneapproach—sometheP-valueapproach,andsomethecriticalvalueapproach.Itisimportantthatyouunderstandbothapproaches.IftheP-valueapproachisnewtoyou,youmighthavetospendalittlemoretimeonthislessonthanifnot.LearningObjectives&OutcomesUponcompletionofthisreviewofbasicstatisticalconcepts,youshouldbeabletodothefollowing:Distinguishbetweenapopulationandasample.Distinguishbetweenaparameterandastatistic.Understandthebasicconceptandtheinterpretationofaconfidenceinterval.Knowthegeneralformofmostconfidenceintervals.Beabletocalculateaconfidenceintervalforapopulationmeanµ.Understandhowdifferentfactorsaffectthelengthofthet-intervalforthepopulationmeanµ.Understandthegeneralideaofhypothes

Understand the Fundamentals of Statistics for Becoming a Data Scientist · Understand Type of Analytics · Probability · Central Tendency · Variability ...Signin[June]CallforSubmissionsEditor'sPicksTop10StoriesSubmitStraightintoyourinboxThe8BasicStatisticsConceptsforDataScienceUnderstandtheFundamentalsofStatisticsforBecomingaDataScientistShirleyChenFollowApr6,2020·9minreadFeelfreetofollowmeonMedium:)Statisticsisaformofmathematicalanalysisthatusesquantifiedmodelsandrepresentationsforagivensetofexperimentaldataorreal-lifestudies.Themainadvantageofstatisticsisthatinformationispresentedinaneasyway.Recently,Ireviewedthewholestatisticsmaterialsandorganizedthe8basicstatisticsconceptsforbecomingadatascientist!UnderstandTypeofAnalyticsProbabilityCentralTendencyVariabilityRelationshipBetweenVariablesProbabilityDistributionHypothesisTestingandStatisticalSignificanceRegressionUnderstandTypeofAnalyticsDescriptiveAnalyticstellwewhathappenedinthepastandhelpabusinessunderstandhowitisperformingbyprovidingcontexttohelpstakeholdersinterpretinformation.DiagnosticAnalyticstakesdescriptivedataastepfurtherandhelpsyouunderstandwhysomethinghappenedinthepast.PredictiveAnalyticspredictswhatismostlikelytohappeninthefutureandprovidescompanieswithactionableinsightsbasedontheinformation.PrescriptiveAnalyticsprovidesrecommendationsregardingactionsthatwilltakeadvantageofthepredictionsandguidethepossibleactionstowardasolution.ProbabilityProbabilityisthemeasureofthelikelihoodthataneventwilloccurinaRandomExperiment.Complement:P(A)+P(A’)=1Intersection:P(A∩B)=P(A)P(B)Union:P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)−P(A∩B)IntersectionandUnionConditionalProbability:P(A|B)isameasureoftheprobabilityofoneeventoccurringwithsomerelationshiptooneormoreotherevents.P(A|B)=P(A∩B)/P(B),whenP(B)>0.IndependentEvents:Twoeventsareindependentiftheoccurrenceofonedoesnotaffecttheprobabilityofoccurrenceoftheother.P(A∩B)=P(A)P(B)whereP(A)!=0andP(B)!=0,P(A|B)=P(A),P(B|A)=P(B)MutuallyExclusiveEvents:Twoeventsaremutuallyexclusiveiftheycannotbothoccuratth